The Department of Surgery of the Université de Montréal, 70th anniversary.

SUMMARY: The Department of Surgery of the Université de Montréal was officially chartered in 1961, but the structure had been in place since since 1951. The department grew as a fusion of hospital-based surgery training programs from the largest French-speaking hospitals in Montreal. Currently 448 professors (135 women and 313 men) teach in the department. The research activity, both clinical and applied, is in strong progression. The Department of Surgery is the largest French and bilingual training centre in Canada and North America. In 2021 the department will celebrate its 70th anniversary. As members, we should be proud of the work achieved by our predecessors and by the current rank of professors, teachers and researchers. The department strives to promote the essential role of and highlight the rewards and benefits of academic surgery.

The Italian mobile surgical units in the Great War: the modernity of the past.

Medical services in WWI had to face enormous new problems: masses of wounded, most with devastating wounds from artillery splinters, often involving body cavities, and always contaminated. Tetanus, gas gangrene, wound infections were common and often fatal. Abdominal wounds were especially a problem: upon entering the war the commanders of all medical services ordered to avoid surgery, based on dismal experiences of previous wars. Surgical community divided into non-operative and operative treatment supporters. The problem seemed mainly organizational, as the wounded were rescued after many hours and treated by non-specialist doctors, in inadequate frontline settings or evacuated back with further delay of treatment. During initial neutrality, Italian Academics closely followed the debate, with different positions. Many courses and publications on war surgery flourished. Among the interventionists, Baldo Rossi, to provide a setting adequate to major operations close to the frontline, with trained surgeons and adequate instruments, realized for the Milano Red Cross three fully equipped, mobile surgical hospitals mounted on trucks, with an operating cabin-tent, with warming, illumination and sterilizing devices, post-operative tents and a radiological unit. Chiefs of the army approved the project and implemented seven similar units, called army surgical ambulances, each run by a distinguished surgeon. Epic history and challenges of the mobile units at the frontline, brilliant results achieved on war wounds and epidemics are described. After the war they were considered among the most significant novelties of military medical services. Parallels with present scenarios in war and peace are outlined.

A History of the Frenchay Hospital Plastic Surgery Unit, Bristol, United Kingdom.

Frenchay Hospital has long since been established as the center for plastic surgery in Bristol, providing care to the city and its surrounding catchment area. From humble origins in the Second World War when the site took on the role of a large military hospital providing reconstructive surgery for the victims of war to a busy modern-day National Health Service establishment, the plastic surgery unit at Frenchay Hospital has grown and developed through in parallel with the genesis and development of the specialty. Recent centralization of care in Bristol has seen a massive reorganization of services, and with it the closure of Frenchay Hospital. Because the plastic surgery unit establishes a new home at Southmead Hospital, this review documents the foundations of reconstructive surgery in Bristol and the South West United Kingdom.

Las mujeres que trabajaban en el área de cirugía del Hospital de las Cinco Llagas de Sevilla durante los siglos XVI al XVIII / Women working in the area of surgery at the Hospital of the Five Wounds of Seville during the XVIth to XVIIIth century / Las mujeres que trabajaban na área de cirugía do Hospital das Cinco Llagas de Sevilha durante os XVI XVI al XVIII

El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer el área de cirugía del Hospital de las Cinco Llagas y el conjunto de personas que trabajaban en él, principalmente, las enfermeras de cirugía desde 1500 a 1808. En cuanto a la metodología, la primera fase del estudio comprendió una revisión archivística de fuentes primarias de diversos archivos y bibliográfica de fuentes secundarias para conocer el estado de la cuestión. Acto seguido se he procedido a interpretar y analizar los datos. Los resultados principales nos indican que esta área sólo recibía a mujeres heridas, que eran internadas en la sala de cirugía, llamada de San Juan, donde recibían el cuidado de la madre cirujana y sus doncellas quienes seguían las prescripciones dadas por el cirujano. Los instrumentos manejados en esta área eran las vendas, pinzas, jeringas, tijeras, cuchillos, sierras, hierros para cauterizar e incluso un instrumento ginecológico llamado el speculum matricis. Los resultados indican que este hospital podría ser un reflejo del desarrollo de la cirugía y de su personal en los hospitales castellanos de la Edad Moderna. Área que se encontraría bastante estructurada a fines del siglo XVI en el que destaca el binomio cirujano y enfermera de cirugía y el papel crucial que desempeño esta última en la atención del herido en un hospital castellano

The objective of this work is to know the area of surgery of the Hospital of the Five Wounds and the group of people who worked there, mainly, the surgical nurses from 1500 to 1808. Regarding the methodology, the first phase of the study included an archival review of primary sources of diverse archives and bibliographic of secondary sources to know the state of the question. Then, I proceeded to interpret and analyze the data. The main results indicate that this area only received wounded women, who were admitted to the surgery room, called San Juan, where they received the care of the surgeon mother and her maids who followed the prescriptions given by the surgeon. The instruments handled in this area were bandages, tweezers, syringes, scissors, knives, saws, irons to cauterize and even a gynecological instrument called the speculum matricis. The results indicate that this hospital could be a reflection of the development of the surgery and its personnel in the Castilian hospitals of the Modern Age. Area that would be quite structured at the end of the 16th century, in which the binomial surgeon and surgery nurse stand out and the crucial role that the latter plays in the care of the injured in a Spanish hospital

O objetivo deste trabalho é conhecer a área de cirurgia do Hospital das Cinco Llagas e o conjunto de pessoas que trabalhou em ele, principalmente, as enfermeras de cirurgia desde 1500 a 1808. En cuanto à metodologia, a primeira fase do estudo incluída uma revisão arquivística de fontes primarias de diversos arquivos e bibliografia de fontes secundarias para conhecer o estado da questão. Acto seguiu se ele procedeu a interpretar e analizar os dados. Os resultados principais nos indican que esta área só recebemos as mulheres heridas, que eram internadas na sala de cirurgia, a chamada de San Juan, onde recebemos o cuidado da mãe cirujana e as criadas que seguiam as prescrições dadas pelo cirujano. Os instrumentos manejados em esta área eram as vendas, pinzas, jeringas, tijeras, cuchillos, sierras, hierros para cauterizar e inclusive um instrumento ginecológico chamado the speculum matricis. Os resultados indican que este hospital podem ser um reflexo do desenvolvimento da cirurgia e do pessoal nos hospitais da Edad Moderna. Área que é encontrada bastante estruturada a finais do século XVI em que se destaca o binômio cirujano e enfermagem de cirurgia e papel crucial que desempenhar esta última na atenção do herido em um hospital castellano

State of the John L. Cameron, MD Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery "The Program That John Cameron Built".

: The pancreatic surgery program at Johns Hopkins is recognized as being among the top programs in the field. It is part of the newly formed John L. Cameron Division of HPB surgery. This division of surgery is a highly productive group of academic surgeons in terms of clinical volume, research endeavors, and education. The division functions as part of a large multidisciplinary group at Johns Hopkins. The program has an interesting history and can trace its roots back to the actions of a single individual-John L. Cameron. The John L. Cameron Division of HPB surgery and the Johns Hopkins Pancreas Disease program would not exist without him. It is the program that Dr Cameron built.

Department of Neurosurgery, Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward VII Memorial (K.E.M.) Hospital, Mumbai.

Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward VII Memorial (K.E.M.) Hospital, Mumbai were inaugurated in 1925. This article traces its illustrious history and of the eminent neurosurgeons who shaped its destiny.

[Surgical service at the Central Military Hospital of People's Commissariat of Defence shortly before the Great Patriotic War].

Authors present the article historical data on the foundation and development of surgical service at the 1st Therapeutic Red Cross Hospital (Central Military Hospital of People's Commissariat. of Defense) since its organization. The structure of the hospital surgical service and organization of surgical activity during the pre-war years is presented. Provided information about outstanding surgeons who was working in the hospital.

[Involuntary sterilization of men in the Third Reich using the example of the surgical clinic in Göttingen from 1934-1944]. / Zwangssterilisierung von Männern im Dritten Reich am Beispiel der Chirurgischen Klinik in Göttingen 1934-1944.

The German Law for Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring (Das Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses) was enacted in 1933. It allowed forced sterilization of patients who had been diagnosed with certain so-called hereditary diseases. Drawing on patient files from the city of Göttingen, this article provides new research results about the practice of forced sterilization of men in the Third Reich. Results show that around 1000 men were sentenced to sterilization by the local hereditary health court (Erbgesundheitsgericht). In this article, some aspects of the operation and "refertilization" are reconstructed.

Antoni Christian Bryk (1820-1881) - professor of forensic medicine at Jagiellonian University (1852-1860), and director of the surgical clinic of Jagiellonian University in Cracow (1860-1881).

scientific discipline. In the 19th century two milestones revolutionised surgery: the development of narcosis, which enabled painless surgery, and the introduction of antisepsis and asepsis. The author presents the beginnings of academic surgery in Cracow. Its pioneer surgeons are presented. Extensive research was undertaken to collect the literature and documents in Polish, Austrian and German archives and libraries in order to prepare this study. Biographical details of the director of the Surgical Clinic, Prof. Antoni Bryk, are provided. He was the first person in Poland to introduce antisepsis and galvanocautery as routine procedures in the Cracow Clinic. The introduction of antisepsis contributed to a reduction in infection during surgery, and a reduction in postoperative mortality in Cracow Surgical Clinic. In this way Professor Bryk became the first Polish surgeon to apply Lister's antiseptic method in the treatment of wounds. Thus enlarged, the scope of surgery for intracranial, bone and other procedures became routine. Surgery is the oldest discipline in medicine. Poland's first university chair of surgery was established in the 18th century. Surgery, which until then had been the domain of barbers and bath house attendants, became a clinical,

Boston children's hospital and the origin of pediatric neurosurgery.

The Department of Neurosurgery at Boston Children's Hospital (BCH) has had a rich and sustained tradition of excellence over the years. This review traces the history of neurosurgery at BCH and the seminal role the department has played in advancing the field of pediatric neurosurgery worldwide (Fig. 1).

Department of Surgery/College of Medicine University of South Alabama: historical and contemporaneous perspectives.

Many members of the medical profession in Mobile, Alabama, have exemplified a strong commitment to the education of their colleagues and successors, a tradition (L., traditio, "to hand over") that dates from the early 18th century. The Mobile General (city/county) Hospital (1830 to 1970) and its successor, the Medical Center, University of South Alabama (1971 to the present), were the institutional foci of those endeavors. Because it is individuals who create, design, and vitalize institutions, this monograph is an acknowledgment of the accomplishments of those who gave that endeavor purpose, direction, and meaning, particularly with reference to the evolution of surgical education. Numerous clinical and societal forces--cultural, economic, political, and social-influenced that evolution. This compilation gives attribution to a legacy of commitment to health and medical/surgical care, education, and research within southern Alabama.

75 years of neurosurgery at the University of Minnesota.

Neurosurgery began as a distinct discipline at the University of Minnesota in 1937 with the appointment of William Peyton as head of the division. Under the leadership of Peyton, Lyle French, and Shelley Chou, the Department rose to national prominence. Substantial contributions included the introduction of dexamethasone to the practice of neurosurgery by Galicich and French, early procedures for the transthoracic correction of spinal deformity, important contributions to the understanding of brain death, the early laboratory work that led to the development of nimodopine, one of the first intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging facilities in the United States (1996), and the training of many academic neurosurgeons and department chairmen. The challenges of managed care and more recent changes in the health care system have been met, and the Department is a thriving clinical, educational, and research center for 21st-century neurosurgery.

The Department of Surgery at the University of Wisconsin.

Education is deeply embedded in the Wisconsin state history. When Wisconsin became a state in 1848, the legislature soon after founded a university with the understanding that scholarship would contribute to its success. The close connection between the state and the university came to be known as "The Wisconsin Idea," a philosophy that all teaching, research, outreach, and public service conducted by the University of Wisconsin should be carried out for the good of citizens throughout the region. Although service to the state and its people still remains integral to the fiber of our university, the University of Wisconsin has since become a national leader among academic institutions.

[The beginnings of orthopedic surgery in Israel].

In early mandatory Israel, orthopedics was mainly conservative, The first modern orthopedic surgeon was Ernst Spira from Czechoslovakia who established an orthopedic service at the Beilinson Hospital in Petah Tikva and left in 1948 to establish the Orthopedic Department and the Rehabilitation Center in Tel Hashomer, which treated the War of Independence casualties including amputees and victims of spinal cord injuries. A second orthopedic department was opened in Tel Hashomer by Shmuel Weissman who left in 1961 to open the Orthopedic Department at the Ichilov hospital in Tel Aviv. Shmuel Weissman became the first Chairman of Orthopedic Surgery at the Tel Aviv University medical school. In 1955, Myer Makin opened a modern orthopedic department in the Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem and the Alyn Hospital for crippled children. In 1951, Assaf Harofeh Hospital opened the Department of Orthopedic Surgery headed by Anatol Axer who specialized in the treatment and rehabilitation of polio patients. The majority of the second generation of orthopedic department directors was trained by these four surgeons. Major developments in the 1960s and 1970s were the introduction of the AO system revolutionizing fracture treatment from conservative to operative treatment, the advent of total hip and knee replacements, Harrington instrumentation in spinal surgery and arthroscopy were major advances in orthopedic patient care brought to Israel by the aforementioned second generation of orthopedic surgeons. Hand surgery became an independent subspecialty of orthopedics and was lead by the internationally renowned hand surgeon, Isidore Kessler.

History of the Department of Surgery at Albany Medical Center.

Surgeons have always played an integral role in the history of the Albany Medical Center and Albany Medical College. In addition to supporting vital patient care and teaching programs, the Department of Surgery has played an important administrative role providing the college with five deans. The origins of the Department of Surgery reach back to 1910 when the American Medical Association-sponsored Flexner report proposed dramatic changes in the structure and format of medical education in the United States. In response to the recommendations of the report, the medical center restructured its faculty and curriculum to meet the demands of a rapidly advancing profession. One result of this reorganization was the formation of the Department of Surgery in 1912. Dr. Arthur Elting was named the first Chair of the Department in 1915. This report will review the history of the Department, focusing on the eight surgeons who have served as Chair.

Joseph Murray as mentor.

The purpose of this manuscript is to scan Dr Murray's Nobel Laureate lecture for strategies of creating a productive, creative, cohesive, and indeed even cost-effective academic department of surgery and medical center. I will detail the elements of Dr Murray's lecture that highlight "ideas" as ultimately more valuable tools in recruiting and retaining franchise surgeons than a big salary and a prominent parking space.